🎈 原创

真的觉得听写没什么用，而且太浪费时间和精力了，到后面就完全是机械式听写了，根本不想思考了。准备改用精听了。

TPO4

TPO4 L2

Vocabulary:

• conviction 确信，深信，坚信
• genius 天才，天资
• conformity 一致，符合
• be at odds with 不一致

Listen to part of a lecture in a litreature class.

So let me close today’s class with some thoughts to keep in mind while you’re doing tonight’s assignment.

You will be reading one of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s best known essays, Self Reliance,and compareing it with his poems in other works.

I think this essay has the potential to be quite meaningful for all of you, as young people who probably wonder about things like truth and where life is your lives are goning, or all sorts of profound questinos.

Knowing something about Emerson’s philosophy may help when you read Self Reliance, where basiclly one of the main beliefs that he had was about truth.

NOt at that it’s something that we can be taught, Emerson says it’s found within ourselves.

SO this truth, the idea that it’s in each one of us, is one of the first points that you will see Emerson making in this essay.

It’s a bit abstract, but he’s very into each person believing his or her thought.

Believe in yourself, the thought or conviction, that’s true for you.

But actually he ties that in with a sort of universal truth, something that everyone knows but doesn’t realize they know.

Most of us arearen’t in touch of ourselves, in a way, so we just aren’t capable of recognizing profound truth.

It takes geniousies, people like say, Shakespear, who are unique because he had they have a glimpse at of this truth, this universal truth. They pay attention to it and express it , and don’t just dissmiss it , like most people do.

And Emerson really into each individual believing in and trusting him or her self.

You will see that he writes about it, well , first with conformity.

He critises the people of his time for abandoning their own mind and own will for the sake of conformity and consistancy.

They try to fit in the rest of the world, even though that’s not at all it’s at odds with their belief and identity.

Therefore it’s best to becomne a none comformist, to do your own thing, not worrying about what other people think.

That’s an important point, he really drives this argument home throuthout the essay.

When you are reading , I want you to think about that and why that kind of thought will would be relevant to his readers of that time

Remember this is1838, self-reliance was a novel idea of that time , and United States citizens were less secure about themselves as an individuals and as the Americans.

The county is as a whole was trying to define itself

Emerson wanted to give people something really to think about, help them find their own way, and what it meant to be who they were.

So that’s something that I think is really inrelevantdefinitely as relevant today as it was then. Probably, especially among young adults like yourselves.

You know college being a time to sort of thinking really think about who you are and where you are going.

Now we already said that Emerson really emphasis on none conformity, right?

As a way to sort of not lose your own self and identity in the world, to have your own truth and not be afraid of listening to listen to it.

Well he takes the it a step further.

Not comforming also means not comforming with yourself, or your past. What does that mean.

Well if you have always been in the a certain way or done the certain thing, but it’s not working for you any more or you are not content. Emerson says taht it would be full of wish foolish even be content consistent with our own past.

Foucus on the future, that’s would what matters more. Inconsistency is good.

He talks about a ship’s voyage, that’s the most famous part of the essay. How the best voyage is just made up of zigzag lines.

Of course Up close, it seems a little all over the place, but from further away, the true path shows, and the end justifies all the turns along the way.

So don’t worry when you are not sure where you are headed at and where your long term goals are, stay true to yourself and it will make sense in the end.

I meant I can attest that. Before I am was a literature professor, I was an accountant, before that , I was a news paper reporter.

My life is taking some pretty interesting turns and here I am, very happy with my experiences and where they’ve brought me.

If you rely on yourself, and trust your own talents, your own interests, don’t worry, your path will make sense in the end.

TPO4 L3

Notes:

• aren’t 和 are 听起来一样，但是感觉aren’t最后有一个停顿
• has 的 h 也不发音

Typo:

• heavy
• vibrate
• magnetic
• combine
• wider

Vocabulary:

• bulldozer 推土机
• tyre 轮胎
• theorize
• establish 确立；建立；证实
• thin 薄瘦的，细小的，稀疏的
• sheet (一)片，薄片
• embed 插入，镶嵌
• tilt 倾斜
• eliminate 排除
• meteorology 气象学

Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.

Now we’ve got a few minutes before we leave today.

So I’ll just touch the interesting subjuct that I think makes a important point.

Wehave been covering rocks, and different types of rocks, for the last several weeks.

But next week, we are gonna do something a bit different.

And to get started I thought I’d mention something that shows how, as geologist, you need to know more about than just rocks and structure of solid matter

Moving rocks, you may have heard about them.

It’s quite a mystery.

Dearth Vally, is this desert plain. a dry lake bed in California surrended by mountains, and on the desert floor, you see the these huge rocks , some of them hundreds of pounds. And they move.

They leave long trails behind them, may tracks you might say, as they move a point from another.

But no one is nobody has been able to figure out how it moving, because no one has ever seen it happen.

There are a lot of theories, but all we know for sure is people is aren’t moving the rocks.

There are no footprints, no tail tyre tracks, no hevey machinery like a bulldozer. Nothing was ever brought in to move these heacy rocks.

So what’s going on?

Theory No1 wind. Some reachers think powerful windstorms mightt move the rocks.

Most of the rocks move in the same direction as the dominant wind pattern , form southwest to the northeast.

But some, and this is interesting , move straight west, wile some zigzag, or even move in large circle.

um.. How can that be?

How about wind combined with rain ?

The ground of this desert is made of clay. It’s desert so it’s dry. But when there is occational rain, the ground become slippery. It’s hard for anyone to stand on, walk on.

Some scientists throrized that perhaps when the ground is slippery the high winds can then move the rocks,

There is a problem with this theory.One team of scientists flooded an area of the desert with water, then try to establish how much wind force would be necessary to move the rocks. And he gets this, you need winds of at least five hundred miles an hour to move just the smallest rocks. And winds that strong has never been recorded ever, not on this planet.

So I think it’s safe to say that that issue has been settled.

Here’s another possibility, ice. it’s possible that rains on the desert floor could turn to thin sheets of ice, when the temperatures drop at nigtht.

So if rocks become inbeded embedded in ice then ice, could piece of ice with rocks on in it be pushed around by the wind?

But there’s a problem with this theory too.

Rocks trapped in the ice together will have moved together when the ice moved. But that does not always happen. The rocks seem to take separate routes.

There are few other theories. May be the ground vibrants, or may be the ground itself’s shifting. Maybe the rocks are moved by a magnatic force. But sadly all these has been limited to its possibilities ideas have been eliminated as possiblities. There’s just no evidence.

I bet you are saying to yourself, why don’t scientists just set up video cameras to record what actually happens. Thin is this is a protective wilderness area.

So by law, that type of reserach is not allowed. Besides since of in powerful windstorms, sensitive powerful equipment would be destroyed.

So why cannot researcher just live there for a while until they oberved the rock’s moving. Same reason. So where are we now?

well right now we still don’t have the any answers.

So all these leads back to my main point. You need to konw more about just rocks as geologists.

The reachers studying moveing rocks well they conbine their knowledge of rocks with knowledge of wind , ice, and such….not successfully not yet.

But you know, they won’t even have been able to get started without the earth science understanding, knowledge about wind , storms, you know , meteorology. You need to understand physics.

So for several weeks, like I said we will be addressing the geologist with wild geology from a wider perspective.

I guess that’s all for today.

See you next time.

TPO4 L4

Vocabulary:

• objective n. 目标
• subsidy 补助金
• endowment 捐款
• altrustic 利他的，无私的
• substantial 相当的，可观的，坚固的
• plaque 匾，饰板

Typo:

• involvement
• federal
• corporation 公司
• Kennedy
• Lincoln
• politician

Notes:

• !!!!!!!!!!WTF aren‘t 总是听不出来
• center => cenner
• aren’t 总是听成are

Listen to part of a lectual in a United States goverment class

Ok, last time we were talking about the government support for the arts, who can sum up some of the main points, Frank?

I guess there wasn’t any governmental support until the 20th century.

But the first attempt the United States made to support the art, is the Federal Art Project.

Right, so what can you say about the project?

It was started during the depression, in the 1930s, to emploee employ out of work artists.

So? Was It successful? Jane Janet, What do you say?

Sure, it was successful, I mean, for one thing, the project it established a lot of, like community art centers, and galleries in places like rural areas, where pople hadn’t really had access to art.

Right.

Yeah, but did the government end up wasting a lot of money for art that wasn’t even very good?

uh…Some people might say that. But wasn’t the primary object objective of Federal Art Projuct to provide jobs?

That’s true, I mean it did provide jobs for thousands of unemplyed artists.

Right, but then when the United States became involved in the second world war, unemplyment was down, and it seemed that these programmes weren’t really necessary anylonger.

So moving on. We don’t actually see any , well, any real government involvment in the arts again until the early 1960s, when President Canady, and other politians, started to push for major funding to support and promote the arts.

It was felt by a number of politians that well the government had the resposibility to support the arts as sort of what can we say the soul or spirit of the country.

The idea was taht there’d be a Federal subsidy, finantial assistance to artists, artician artistic, or cultural institutions.

And for just those reasons, in 1965, the national endowment for the arts was created.

So it was through the NEA, the National Enowment for the Art, that the arts were developed would develop, would be promoted throughout the nation.

And then individual states throughout the country starts to establish their own state’s art councils to help support the art.

There was kind of a cultural explosion by the miod 1970, by 1974 I think, all 50 states had their own arts agencies, their own state art councils that worked with the federal government, with coorporations, artist performance uniment performers, you name it.

Did you just say coorporations, how were they involved.

You see, coorporations is not aren’t always altrustic. They might not support the art unless the government maded it arrtactive for them to do so, by offering corporations tax incentives to support the arts, that is by letting coorporations pay less intaxes in taxes if they were patrons of the art

The Canandy sanner,center in Washington DC, maybe you have been there, or Linken center in New York?

Both of these were built with substantial financial support from corporations

And the Cannedy and Lincoln centers are aren’t the only examples, many of your cultrual establishments in the United States will have a pluge plaque somewhere, acknowledging the money, the support they received from whatever corporation. oh, yes, Janet.

But Aren’t there a lot of people who don’t think It’s the government’s role to support the arts?

That’s a matter of fact, that there are many politians who don’t believe in the government support for the arts. They wanted to do away with the agency entirely, for that very reason, to get rid of governmental support ,but they only succeeded in taking away about half of the annual budget.

And this parts is the public goals. And as far as the public goes…

Well there are about as many individuals who disgree with the government support, as there are those who agree. In fact, with artists in particular, you have a lot of artists who support, who have benefited from this agency. Although it seems that Just as many artists supposeoppose the government agency being involved in the arts, for many different reasons, they don’t want the government to control what they create.

in other words, the arguments both for and against the governments funding of the arts are as many, and , and is as varied as the individual styles of the artists who hold them.

TPO4 C1

Vocabulary:

• fuss 无谓纷扰
• premier 首相，总理
• etcetera 等等(etc)

Notes:

• that would've been...
• etc 会读 etcetera
• I'd start 中的‘d不发音

Listen to a converstation between a student and a librarian.

Can I help you?

Yes, We need to find a review, it’s for my English class, we have to find revirews where the place for of the play we’re reading reading.

BUt they have to be before the from when the play was performed, so I need to know when that was, and I suppose I shall should start with newspaper reviews.

Contemporary reveiews.

Sorry?

You want contemporary reviews, what’s the name of the play?

It’s Happy Strangers,it was written in the 1972 and we are suppoesd to write about its influence on American theater, show why it’s been so important.

Well that certainly explains why your profrssor wants you to read some of those old reviews. The critics really towarded to tore the play the to pieces when the it opened, they were just so controversial, nobody had ever seed seen anything like it on the stage.

Really? Was that a good big deal?

Oh sure, the critism critics’ reaction made some people kinda curious about it, they wanted to see what’s was causing all the fluds fuss.

In fact, we were on vacation in New York, when I had to be 16 or so, and my parents took me to see it, that would’ve been about 1965.

Cause that was the year ? So that was the year it premiered Great. But newspapers from back then aren’t onlineshould back up online, so how do I.

Well we have copies of old newspapers in the basement, and all the major papers publish reference guides to their articles reviews is there etcetera.

You’ll find them in the reference stacks and in back. But I started with 1964, I think the play had been running for a little while when I saw it

um.. How would you like it? I mean it;s just two characters on stage hanging around basiclly doing nothing.

Well I was impressed, The actors were famous, and besides it was my first time in a real theatre.

But you are right, it was definitely different formmany plays we had read in high school.

Of course, in a small town the assignments is are pretty traditional.

I have only read it. But it doesn’t seem it ‘d been much from the largelike it’d much fun to watch . THe Story doesn’t progress it, in any sort of logical manner, doesn’t have any real ending nighter. Just stpos, you know, I thought it was kind of slow and boring.

Well I guess you may think that. But when I saw it back then, it was anything but boring.

Some parts are really funny, but I remember crime too.

But I am not sure just reading it , you know, they have done these plays at least once on campus.

I’m sure that there’s a tape in our video library, you might wanna borrow it.

And that’s a good idea, and I’ll have a better idea before of what I really think of it before I read these reviews.

I am sure you’ll be suprised than that anyone else ever found it radical, but you’ll see what why itis still powerful, dramatically speaking.

And there’s must something about it, or the professor wouldn’t have assigned it. I am sure I’ll figure it out .

TPO4 C2

Notes:

• recent 最后t不发音
• went``got…t几乎都不发音
• this has 由于has的h不发音，所以听起来像是this is

Vocabulary:

• municipal 市的，市政的
• dispute 争论，纠纷
• zoning （城市的）分区规划
• goof 犯愚蠢的错误
• goofing off 闲荡

Typo:

• describe

Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.

Hey, Jane you look like you are in a hurry.

Yeah, things are a little crazy.

Oh yeah? what’s going on?

Oh well, It’s nothing. Since it’s at your class, I guess it’s Okay. It’s just that I am having trouble with my group project.

Ah…Yes, due next week? What’s your group doing again?

It’s about a United States prim supreme Court decision, we’re looking at the impact of recent cases on property rights, MInisoland’s municipal land use cases, zoning disputes…

Right, okay, and it’s not going well?

NOt really, I am worried about other two people in my group, they are justing sitting back, not really doing the fairly share of the work, and waiting for an end A.

It’s kind of extressing stressing me out, because we are getting close to the deadline and I feel like I am doing everything for this project.

Oh the good old free right rider problem.

Free-rider?

Oh it’s just the term that describes this situation, when people in a group seek to get benefis of being in the group, without contributing to the work. Any way, what exactly you mean when you say ‘they just sit back’, I mean, they even failing the policy with me?they’ve been filing their weekly progress reports with me …

Yeah, but I feel like I am doing 90% of the work.

I hate to sound so negative here, but honestlly they are just taking credits for things they shouldn’t be taking credits for.

Like last week in the library, we decided to split up the research to three parts, and then each of us was supposed to find sources in the library for our parts.

I went on off to the stacks, and found some really good material for my part, but when I getting got back to my table, they were just guffing off and talking.

So I went and got materials for their sessions sections as well.

You know, you shouldn’t do that.

I know, but I don’t wanna risk the project going down the drain.

I know Trouse and Kevin , I have both of them a another in other courses , so I am familiar with their work and their work heavies habits.

I know, me too, and that’ why this has really suprisesd me.

Did you group like your topic.

Well we’ve all writed we’d all rather on the focus on cases that deal with personal liberties, questions about freedom of speech , things like that, but I chose property rights.

You chose the topic?

Yeah, I thought it would be good for us, all of us to try something new.

Maybe that’s part of the problem, maybe Trese and Kevin are not aren’t that excited about the topic. And since you picked it, have you thougt talked to them at all about picking a different topic?

But we’ve already got all the sourses and it’s due next week. We don’t have time to start from scratch.

Okay I wll let you cuz I know you are so busy, but you might consider talking to your group about your topic choice.

I’ll think about it, gotta run, see you in class.

TPO5

TPO5 L1

Typo:

• sociology 社会学
• transmission
• replicate
• replicator
• memorable
• principle 原理，原则

Vocabulary:

• alligator 短吻鳄，鳄
• sewer 下水道
• analogy 类比
• longevity 长寿
• fecundity n. 多产 富饶 肥沃
• fidelity 长寿
• mutation 变化
• gain 获得，增加

Listen to part of a lecture in a sosciaology class.

Have you ever heard the one about the alligators living in NewYork sewers

The story goes like this, a family went on vacation in Florida, and bought a couple of baby alligator as presents for their children. Then returned from vacation to New York, bringing the alligators home with them as their pets.

But the alligator would escape and find their way into the New York sewer system where they started reproducing, grew to huge sizes, and now strike threat the fear into sewer workers.

Have you heard of this story? Well it isn’t true and never it happened, but despite that, the story has been around since the 1930.

Or how about the song twinkle twinkle little star, ‘twinlkw twinklw little star, how I wonder what you are’. Well We’ve all heard this song.

Where am I goning with this?

Both the song and the story are examples of memes, and that’s what we would talk about , the theory of memes.

A meme is defined as a piece of information copied from person to person.

By this definition, most of what you know, ideas, stories, skills , songs , are memes.

All the words you know, all the scientific theory you have learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are mems that have been passed on from person to person.

So what ? You may say,

Passing an idea on ideas from a person to another is nothing new.

Well the whole point of definding this familiar process as transmition of memes is so that we can explore it’s energy analogy with the transmition of genes.

As you know , all living orginisms pass on biological information through the genes.

What’s your a gene?

A gene is a piece of biological information that get copied and replicaed, and copy or replica is passed on to the new generaion. So genes are defined as replicaters.

Genes are replicators that pass on information about properties and characteristics of organismsm.

By analogy, memes are also get replicated and inthe process pass on cultural information from person to person, generation to generation.

So memes are also replicators.

To be a successful replicator, there are three key characteristic, longerviity, decundity and fidelity.

Let’s take a closer look.

First longevity, a replicator must exist long enough to be able to be copied and transfer its information.

Clearly, the longer a replicator survives, the better its chances is to get of getting message copied and passed on.

So longvety is the key character of a replicator.

If you take the alligator story, it can exist for a long time in a individual memory, let’s say my memory.

I can tell you the story now or ten years from now, the same as with the twinkle twinkle song.

So these memes have longevity, because they are memoriable for one reason to or another.

Next fecundity, fecundity is the ability to reproduce in large numbers. For example the common house fly, reproduces by laying several thousands of eggs, so each fly gene gets copied for thousands of times.

Memes, well, they can be reproduced in large numbers as well.

How many times that you have sung the twinkle twinkle song to someone. Each time you replicated the song, and maybe passed it onalong to someone who didn’t know it yet , a small child maybe.

And finally fidelity, fidelity means accuracy of the copying in process.

We know fidelity is the essential principal principle of genetic transmission.

If a copy of the gene is a bit differen from the original, that’s called a genetic mutation, and mutaions are usually bad news.

And organism often cannot survive with the mutated gene, and so a gene usually cannot be passed on unless it’s an exact copy.

For memes however, fidelity is not always so important.

For example, if you tell someone the alligator story I told you today, it probably won’t be verba to berba word for word exactly what as I said it.

Still, it will be basiclly the same story, and the person who hears the story will be able to pass it along.

Other mems are replicated with high fidelity though, like the twinkle twinkle song.

It had the exact same words 20 years ago as it does now.

Because we see song as someting that has to be performed accurately each time.

If you change a word, the orthers will usually bear you in mind bring you in line, they will say that’s not how you sing it , right?

So you could can see how looking at pieces of cultural information as replicators, as memes , and analyzing them in terms of longevity, fecundity, and fidelity, we can get gain some insight about how they spread, persisit, and change.

TPO5 C1

Vocabulary:

• counselor 顾问，法律顾问
• overwhelm 战胜，压倒；泛滥，是沉浸
• understatement 不充分的描述
• impersonal 没有人情味的
• artsy 装艺术的，艺术家气派的
• cello 大提琴
• orchestra 管弦乐队
• quartet 四重唱组合

Typo:

• academic
• roommate
• absolutely

Listen to a conversation between a student and a counselor at the university counseling center.

Hi, thanks for receiving seeing me on such a short notice.

NO problem, how can I help.

Well I think I have made a mistake coming to the school.

What mads you say that?

I am a little of overwhelmed by the size of this place.

I come from a small town. There were only 75 of us in my high school graduating class. Everyone knew everyone, we all grow up together.

So it’s a bit of a cultural shock for you, being one of the 15,000 students at on a big campus and a none familiar of the in an unfamiliar city.

That’s an understatment. I just can’t get comfortable in class or in the dorms , you know socially.

But let’s start with your acadimics, tell me about your classes.

I am taking mostly introductory courses, and some are taught in these huge lecture halls.

Aren’t you And you are haveing trouble keeping pace with the material,

No, in fact, I got an A on my first and second economics paper. It’s just that, it’s just so impersonal that I just not get so used to it.

Are your classes all impersonal.

No it’s just the, for example, in sociology yesterday, the professor asked a question so I raised my hand, several of us raised up our hands.

And I came kept my hand up because I did the reading and knew the answer. But the professor just answered his own question and continued with the lecture.

Well in a big room it’s possible, he didn’t notice you. Maybe he was trying to save time. And I say the In either case I wouldn’t won’t take it personally.

I suppose, but I just don’t know how to, you know, distinguish myself.

Why not step stop by his office during office hours.

You know, that wouldn’t seem right, taking time from other students who need help.

I don’t say that, that’s is what the office hours for. This There is not the reason you couldn’t pop in and say hi, to , well, make yourself known.

If you are learning a lot of his in class, let the professor know. Wouldn’t you appreciate positive feed back if you were a professor?

You are right , that’s a good idea.

Ok let’s turn to your social life, how’s it going in the dorms.

I dont have much in common with my roomate or anyone else I have met so far.

Everyone is into the sports, and I am artise more artsy, you know into the music, and I play chellow the cello.

Ha… Have you been playing along long.

Since age 10, it’s a big part of my life. At home I was the younger member of a our community orchaster orchestra.

You are not going to believe this. There’s a string quartet contest on campus. all students, and they are so happy to chill us graduated last year. And it’s so happy that the cellist graduated last year.

They have been searching high and low for a replacement , someone with experience.

Would you be interested in auditioning?

Absolotely, I wanted to get my academic work settled before persuing my music here. But I think this would be a good thing for me. I guess if I really want to fit in here I should find people who love music as much as I do. Thank you

My pleasure.

TPO5 L2

Vocabulary:

• compelling 令人信服的
• not the least of which… 最重要的是…
• enormous 极大的，庞大的
• crater 火山口，弹坑
• impact 撞击；影响，冲击
• coat 包上，涂上，盖上
• equator 赤道
• correspond 符合，协调，通信
• elevation 高度，海拔
• diameter 直径
• planetary 行星的
• crust 外壳
• redistribute 重新分配
• mantle 地幔，覆盖物
• penetrate 穿透，渗透
• hydrogen 氢
• molecule
• perpetually 永恒地 终身地 不断地
• primitive
• astronaut 宇航员
• permanent 长久的，永久的
• a ways off 很久以后

Notes:

• want to know if => 元音的连读有个/w/的音
• data 不念date

Listen to part of lecture in an atronomy class.

Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the moon.

But there are comparing compelling reasons in favor of another moon landing , too. Not the least of which is trying to pinpoint the moon’s age.

We could do this in theory by studying an normes enormous impact creator crater, known as the south pole achen, Bason -Aitken Basin.

It’s okay with located in the moon self poler region ‘s South Polar Region.

But since it’s on the far side of the moonsome far site of the moon, it can only be seen from space.

Here’s an image of … We’ll call it the SPA Basin

These color coded coated the image of SPA Basin, those aren’t their its actual colors obviously, this image, is from the mid 90s, from the American spacecraft called CramenTime Clementine

Unlike earlier lunar missions, Clementine didn’t orbit only around the moon’s equitor.

It’s orbit’s is able s enable it to do sent back data to create this type of graphical topographical map, where the green white gray-and-white area towards the bottom is the South Pole. The purples and blues in the middle are respond correspond to low elavations elevation- the SPA itself, the oranges and reds surrounding around it are higher elavations.

The basin measures an amazing 2500 kilometers of in diameter , and it’s average depth is 12 kilometers.

That makes it the biggest known crater in our solar system and it 1may well be the oldest.

You know finally till planetary researchers love studying the deep craters until they learned about the impacts created them. How they read redistributed pieces of a the planet’s crast crust. And in this case, we especially wanted to know, if any of the metal mantle , the layer beneath the crast crust, was exposed by the impact.

Not everyone agrees, but some experts are convinced that whatever created the SPA Basin, dead penaltried did penetrate the moon’s mantle. And We need to find out , because much more than the crust , the mantle contains information about the planet’s or the Moon’s total composition. And that’s key to understand the planet information. Aw… Dian?

SO the only way to know the Basin’s age is to study it’s rock directly?

Well from radio survey data that , we know that the Basin contains lots of smaller craters. So it must be really old, about 4 billion years, give it or take a few hundred million years. But that’s not very precise. If we had rock samples to study, we’d know whether these small craters were created by impacts during the final stage of the planetary formation. Or if they resulted later meteor showers.

But if we know around how old the Basin is, I am not sure that’s resonable enouth to go to the Moon again.

No, but, such crude estimates, we can do better than that.

Besides there’s other things worth investgating, like is there ice water on the Moon.

Planetary Clementine’s study indicated that , the wall of the South Polar Crater was more reflective than expected.

So the scientists think there’s probably ice there.

Also data from a later mission, indicates significant concentrations of hydrignhydrogen , and by inference , water less than a meter undergrounds at both poles.

With this Well if there’s water, how do we did it get there, underground rivers?

We think meteors that crashed into the Moon, or tells tails of passing comets, may have introduced water molecules.

Any water molecules have that found their ways to the floors of the craters near the Moon’s poles. That water would be perpartually perpetually frozen, because the floors of those craters were are always in shadow. Further more, if the water ice was mixed in with rocks and dust, it would be protected from the vibration evaporation.

So are you saying there might be primitive life on the Moon?

That’s not my point at all. Okay, say there is ice water on the moon, that would be a very practical value for a future moon base for astronauts astronomies. Water ice could be melted and purified for dringking. It could also be broken down into its component parts, hydrogen and oxygen, and oxygen could be used to breate, and hydrogen could be turned into fuel, rocket fuel.

So water ice could enable the creation of a self-sustaining moon base some day. A minor mining camp perhaps or departure point for the further space exploration.

But holding tons of equipments to the moon to make fuel and build a life-sustain system for a moon base, wouldn’t that be too expensive?

Permant base, maybe a way’s off, we shouldn’t have left way to wait for that.

The dust at the bottom of the SPA Basin really does a fascinating story to tell.

No I wouldn’t give for a few samples of it .

TPO5 L3

Vocabulary:

• Spectroscopy 光谱学
• wavelength 波长
• discipline 学科；纪律
• curator （博物馆等）馆长
• brushstrokes 一笔，一画
• biding agent 粘接剂
• invasive 需手术的
• fleck 斑点；小片
• restoration 恢复，翻新
• deteriorate

Typo:

• absorb
• spectral 鬼魂的；光谱的
• signature
• experiment
• determine
• infrared

Notes:

• an original => a noriginal

Listen to part of a lecture in a chemistry class.

Ok I know you all have a lot of questions about this lab assignment that is coming up, so I am take a little time this morning to discuss it.

SO you know the assignment has to do with spectruspy Spectroscopy, right?

And your reading should help you get a good idea of what that’s all about.

But let’s talk about spectroscopy a little now just to cover the basics.

What is spectroscopy?

Well The simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interation between matter }and ligtht.

Now this is about like visible light consists of different colors , wave links or wavelengths which together make up, which what is called spectrum, a band of colors like you see in a rainbow.

And all substances, all forms of matter, can be distinguished according to what wavelength’s light they observed of light they absorb, and which ones they reflect.

Well it’s like well every element has what we call it’s own sprctrual signeture.

If we can read that signature, we can identify that element.

And that’s exactly what’s spectroscopy does.

Now laser spectroscopy, which is the focus of your assignment, works by measuring very precisely, what parts of spectrum are absorbed by different substence.

And it has applications in a lot of disciplines.

And your assignment will be to choose a discipline that interests you and devise an experienment.

For example, I am gonna talk about art, I am interested in the art. And to me, it’s interesting how Spectroscopy is used to analyze art.

Let’s say a museum curator comes to your with a problem.

She is coming has come across this painting that appears to be regional an original, say a Rembrandt.

And she wants to acquire it for her museum.

But she’s got a problem. She is not absolutely certaion it’s an original.

So how what do you do, how do you dertermine whether the painting is authentic

Ok, think about this the scientific process. You got a question, is the painting a Rembrandit?

So first you need make a list of characteristics that the painting would have to have to be a Rembrandit.Then you have to discover whether the painting in question has those characteristics.

So first of all, you will need to know techniques Rembrandt used when to he applied paint to canvas, his brush stroks, how thickly he applied this paint.

So you need to work with an artistory art historian who expertise has expert knowlege about of Rembrandt’s style.

You would have to know when he created his paintings, what pigments he used, in other words, what ingredients he used to make different colors of paint. Because the ingrediants he used in paints, biding agents plus varnishes, finishes, what have you has changed over time.

Since you are trying to verify his it’s a Rembrandt, the ingredients in the pigment would need to have been be used during Rembrandt’s lifetime, in the 17th century.

And that’s when where chemistry comes in.

You got to find out what’s in those pigments, learn their composition, and that requires lab work, detective work really, in the world ofin a word Spectroscopy.

So how do we use Spectroscopy.

Well we put it in a () an infrared microscope, a spectrum scope, on tiny tiny bits of paint.

And using ultraviolet light, we can see the spectrum of spectrual signature of each component part of pigment.

Then we compare these signatures with those of particular elements, by zinc or lead, to determine what the pigment was made up.

So you can see why this type of the analysis requires knowledge of the history of pigments, right?

How and when they were made.

Say we determined the paint was made of zinc for example. We know the spectrual signature of zinc and it matched that of the paint sample. We also know that the zinc wasn’t discoverd until the 18th century.

And since the Rembrandt was doing in lived during the 17th century, we know he couldn’t have painted it.

Now spectroscopy has a very distinguish benniftadvantage over previous methods of analyzing art works, because it’s not invasive.

You don’t have to remove big chips of paint to do your analysis, which is what other methods require.

All you do is training the microscope on tiny flakes of paint and analyze them.

Now a word or two about restoration

Sometime original art works appear questionable or inauthentic , because they’ve had so many of resores and touchable touch-up layers, to cover up damage, damage from the paint having to deterorite deteriorated every over time.

Well Spectroscopy can review the composition of those touch-up layers too.

So we can find out when they were applied.

Then if we want to undo some bad restoration attempts, we can determine what kind of process we can use to remove them, to dissolve the paint and uncover the original .

TPO5 L4

Typo:

• characterize
• improbable
• contrary

Vocabulary:

• communal 公共的
• trait 特征
• authoritative 权威性的，官方的
• tailored 定做的，根据特别需要的
• cabin 小屋，船舱
• invest 投资

Notes:

• all those stories start s连读

listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.

Now wen can’t really talk about fairy tales without first talking about folk tales. Because there is a too strong connection between these two genres, these two types of stories.

In fact, many fairy tales started out as folk tales.

So what’s a folk tale, how would you characterise that? Jeff?

Well there they are old stories, traditional stories. They were passed on down orally within cultures generation to generation, so they changed a lot over time.

I mean every story teller, or maybe every town, might have had a slightly different version of the same folk tale.

That’s right, there’s local difference, and that’s why we say folk tales are communal.

By communal, we mean they reflect the traits and concerns of a particular community, at a particular time,

So esentially, the same tale could be told in different communities, with certain aspects of the tale adapted to fit the specific community.

On, not the plot, the details of what happens in the story would remain constant. That was the thread that helps held the tale together.

But all the other elements, like the location or the characters, might be modified for each audience.

Ok, so what about fairy tales.

They alse are found in most cultures, but how are they different from folk tales?

I guess the first question is, what is a fairy tale?

And don’t let anyone say, a story with a fairy unit in it, because we all know that very few fairy tales actually have those tiny magical creatures in them.

But what else can we say about them? Mary?

Well they seem to be less realistic than folk tales, like behave they have something improbable happening, a frog turning into a prince, say.

Oh that’s another common element , royalty, a prince or pincess.

And fairy tales all seem to take place in a location that’s nowhere and everywhere at same time.

What’s the line-up, how do all those stories start?

Once a pond upon a time in a far away land, in case of folk tales, each story teller would specify a particular location and time, though the time and location would differ for different story tellers.

With fairy tales, however, the location is generally unspecified, no matter who the story teller is. That land far away, welcome we’ll back to this point in a few minutes.

I thought that the a fairy tale was just the written version of an oral folk tale.

Well, not exactly, though that is how many fairy tales developed,

For example, in the late 18th century, the green Grimm brothers travel through out what’s now Gernamy, recording local folk tales.

These were eventuall published as fairy tales, but not before undergoing a process of revelotion evolution,

Now a number of things happen when an oral tale gets written down.

First the language changes, it becomes more formal, more standard, some might say less colorful. It’s like the difference in your language depending on whether you talking to someone or writing then a letter.

Second, when an orally transmitted story is written down, and the authoritive version with a recognized authoritive author is created.

The communal aspects gets lost. The tale nolonger belongs to the community. It belongs to the world so to speak. Because of this, elements like place and time can no longer be telled tailored to suit a particular audience.

So they become less identifiable more generalizable to any audience.

On the other hand the descriptions of characters in the and settings can be developed more compeletely.

In a folk tale, characters may be identified by a man name, but you wouldn’t know anything more about them

But In fairy tales, peple no longer have to remember plots. They are written down, right? So more energy can be put into other elements of the story, like character and setting.

So you get more details about the characters, about what where the action takes place, what people’s houses were like and whether they are small caven cabins or grand palaces.

And it’s worth investigating that energy, because the story, now in book form, isn’t endangered in danger of being lost.

Those details won’t be forgotten. If a folk tale isn’t repeated by each generation, maybe lost for all time. But with a fairy tale, it’s always there in the book ,waiting to be discovered again and agian.

Another interesting interesting difference involves the change in audiance, who the stories is made are ment for.

Controary to what many people believe today, folk tales were originally intended for adults, not for children.

So why is it that the fairy tales seem targed toward children nowadays?

TPO5 C2

Typo:

• prerequisite n. 先决条件

Listen to a conversation between a student and professor.

Hi I was wondering if I could talk with you about the assignment in the film theory class?

Of course Jill.

It seems that pretty much everyone else in the class gets where what they are supposed to be doing, but I am not so sure.

Well, the class is for students to who are really serious about films.

You must have taken film courses before.

Yeah, in high school, film appreciation.

I wouldn’t think that would be enough, did you concentrate mainly on form or content.

Oh definitely the content, we would watch , say Lord of the flies, and then discuss it.

Oh that approach, treating films as literature, ignoring what makes it unique.

I likeed it though.

Sure, but that kind of class, I am not suprised that you are feeling a little lost.

You know, we have two introductory courses, that are supposed to be taken, before you get to my course, one in film art, technique, technical stuff, and another in film history. So students in the class you are in, should be pretty far along film studies.

In fact, the system blocks anyone trying to sign up for a course, they shouldn’t be taking, who hasn’t taken the courses you are required to do first , as prerequists.

Well I didn’t have a problem with that. But I discussed it with one of your office staff and she gave me permission.

Of course, no matter how many times I have telled them, they just keep on. Well for your own good, I really suggest dropping back and starting at the ususal place.

Yes but I have already been in this class for 4 weeks.

I would hate to just drop it now , especially since I found it so different, so interesting.

I guess so, frankly, I can’t believe that you have lasted so long .

These are really indept in-depth theory we’ve been discussing, and you’ve been doing Okay so far. I guess. But still the program has been designed to progress who is in through certain stages. Like any other profrssional training we have built build on previous knowledge.

Then maybe you can could recommand some extra reading I can do to catch up.

Well are you intending you study film as your main concentration.

No, I am just interested, I am actually in marketing, but there seems to be a connection.

Oh well, in that case, if you are taking the course just out of interest, I mena, I still recommand signing up for the introductory classes at some point. But in the meantime, there’s no harm I guess in trying to keep up with this class.

The interest is clearly there.

Instead of any extra reading just now, though, you could view some of the old introductory lectures, we have them on video. That would give you better hand handle on the subjuct.

It still a pretty top tall order and we will be moving quite right along, so you will really need to stay on top of it.

Okay, I have been warned. Now can I could I tell you about my idea for the assignment