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TPO1-3Listening听写script存档

练了一下TPO听力的听写，在这边存个档。

说实话没什么用，而且相当耗时间，可能也只是因为我太菜了吧。。。

TPO2的没怎么写，因为OG上听力部分的练习就是TPO2的，大部分script都已经看过了所以懒得做了。

TPO1

TPO1 C1 Find articles in the library

Listen to a part of conversation between a student and a librarian.

Hi I really hope you can help me.

That’s why I am here, what can I do for you.

I am supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but I am having a hard time finding articles, I don’t even know where to start looking.

You said this is for your psychology course right? So your focus is on…

Dream interpriatation.

Well you have a foucus, so that’s already a good start. Um…Well there’re few things…Oh wait, have you checked to see if your professor put any materials for you to look at on reserve?

aha, that’s one thing that I did KNOW to do. (!!!!!!!!!!!) I just copied an article, but I still need three more on my topic from three different journals.

Let’s get you going on looking for those of then. We have printed version of 20 or so psychology journals in the Reference Section.These are the ones published within the last year. And I think about it, there’s a journal named Sleeping and Dream.

Oh Yeah, the article I just copied is from that journal. So I have gotta look at other sources.

OK, actually most of our materials are avaiable electronically now.You can access psychology databases or electronic journals and articles through the libraty’s computers. And if you want to search by title, with the word dream for example, just type it in and all the articles with dream in the title will come up on the screen.

Cool, that’s great. Too bad that I can do this from home.

But You can. All of the library’s databases and electronic sources can be accessed through any computer connected to the university network.

Really? I can’t believe I did not know that. It still sounds like its gonna take a while though, you know, going through all of that information all of those sources.

Maybe. But you already narrow your search down to the articles on dream interpretation, So it shouldn’t be too bad. And you probably notice that there’s an abstract or summary at the top of the first page of the article you copied. When you go into the databases and the electronic sources, you have the option to display the abstracts on the computer screen. Skimming those to decide whether or not you want to read the whole article should cut down some time.

Right, abstracts they will definitely make the project more durable. I guess i should try out the electronic search when i am still here then, you know, just in case.

Sure, uh…that computer is free over there, and I will be here till 5 this afternoon.

Thanks, I feel a lot better about this assignment now.

TPO1 L1

OK, I am going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment.

Remember I said that at some point during this semester I want you to do attend an exhibit at the Fair Street Gallery and then write about it?

Well the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up.

It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment.

The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen.

Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she is a relatively young artist.

But she has got a very unsual style compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term.

But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism.

So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Inpressionism, in some of your art history courses.

So who can just sum this up?

Well, impressionism, started in the late 19th century, uh…, the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles.

It didn’t depict scenes or models exactlly as they looked.

Impressionism painters tend to apply paint really thickly and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough.

Good, What else? what were the subjects?

Well, a lot of impressionism artist painted every day scenes, like people on the streets, and cafes, or a lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.

Good, so when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene, and you will see it right as you enter the gallery.

The reason I think this painting is so importing is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frentzen’s style.

It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene.

It’s a kind of bleak, which you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines.

The colors are quite realistic, the sky is kind of, well, on a natural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foreground is blue.

But somehow the overall scene gives an inpression of a cold, bleak, winter day on a farm.

So that’s the impressionist side of her work.

Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me.

One interesting thing that I read about Franzten is the when she first move back to Iowa after living living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn.

And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmer bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals, and the reason Frantzen went there and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the way that they moved.

She really found this heloed her work, that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like too.

So, what about realism?

What are the elements of Realism we should looking for in Frantzen’s work?

Um…Real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter, too.

Good, One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins.

You’ll notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like a photograph.

The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up.

This is realims.

But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkin is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstokes. It’s kind of zigzaging in brushstrokes and lines kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close.

And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.

I found Frantzen to be a very accessible artist.

I mean, some artists, to appreciate them you have to know their life story.

But there is a little bit about Rose Franzten’s life anyway.

She attended art school, but was told by one of the instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead.

So she took advertising classes and fine arts classes too.

Until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency, that her work was really good, that she couldn’t be an artist.

But of course, it’s not as easy as that,

and so Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to but paint for her more serios artwork.

No matter what, she never stopped painting.

And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well.

And her work is being shown all over the country.

So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that, but what’s important is that you keep at it, that you don’t give up.

That’s what is really important to remember.

TPO1 L2

Some Notes:

in的读音听起来像是 en
前一个单词结尾r与后一个单词的连读，可能会有一些多出来的音，如/w/
it听起来像是一个非常急促的/e/
that只读th
which way it was flowing. way后面的it听不见，可能是way的y的音表示it
looked at the grain sounds like looketh grain

vocabulary:

vast 广阔的
flatten 平整；打倒（flatten 的过去分词）
refinement （精细的）改进，改善
uranium 铀
grain 颗粒
particles 微粒
entirely 完全地，完整地；仅仅，只
redioactive 放射性的，有辐射的
start off 开始，出发
molten 熔化的
particular 特定的，某一的
conventional 依照惯例的，遵循习俗的；老一套的，习惯的

Listen to part of a lecture in a Geology class.

Okay Let’s get started, great.

Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geographical geologic feature is.

Dating technicals techniques.

I am gonna talk about a particular dating technique.

Why? Good dating is a key to good analysis.

In other words, if you want to know how a land formation was formed, the first thing you prpbably want to know, is how old it is.

It’s foundmantal fundamental.

um…take the grand canyon Grand Canyon for instance.

Now we geologists thought we had a pretty good idea of how great grand canyon the Grand Canyon and in the south west southwestern United States was formed.

We knew that it was formed from sandstorm sandstone that (solidified) somewhere between (150) and (300) million years age.

Before it solidifed, they was just regular sand, essentially it was part of a vast doset desert.

And until just recently, most of us thought the sand who had come from an ancient mountain range very fairly close by that (flattened) over time.

That’s as been the conventionaist way conventional wisdom of among geologists for quite some time.

But now we have learned something different and quite suprising using a technique called The Rainium dating Uranium-Lead Dating.

I should say the that Uranium-Lead Dating has been around for quite a while.

But there has have been some recent refinements, I will get into this in a minute.

Anyway, Uranium-Lead Dating has produced some suprises surprises.

Two geologists discovered that about half of the sands from Grand Canyon was actually (once) part of (Appalanchian) mountains

That really eye-opening news, since the Appalanchian Mountains ranges is, ofcourse, thoudants thousands of kilometers to the east of the Grand Canyon.

Sounds pretty unbelievable right?

Of course the obvious Question is how did that sand end up so far awest west.

The theory is that huge rivers and wind carried the sand west where (it mixed with the) sand that was already there.

Well this was a pretty revoluntionary revolutionary finding.

And it was basiclly because of Uranium-Lead Dating. Why?

Well is as(弱读) everyone in this classroom should know we usually look in the green at the grain type within the sandstorm sandstone, meaning the actual particuls in the sandstone， to determine where it came from.

You can do other things too, like look at the wind or water that brought the grain to their location, and figure out which way it was flowing.

That’s only useful up to a point , and that’s not what these two geologists did.

Uranium-Lead Dating allowed them to go about it in an entire entirely different way.

What they did was, they looked at the grains of (Zircon) in the sandstone.

Zircon is a material that contains radio-active radioactive uradium Uranium, which makes it very useful for dating composses purposes.

Zircon starts of off as a moultn malgma molten magma, the hot lava larva from vocanoys vocanoes.

This magma then crytalli crystallizes.

And when Zircon crtystallizes, the Uranium inside it begins to change and to lead Lead.

So if you measure the amount of Lead in the Zircon grain, you can figure out when the grain was formed.

After that, you can determine the age of Zircon from different mountain ranges.

Once you do that, you can compare the age of the Zircon in the sandstone of in your sample to the age of the Zircon of in the mountains.

If the age of the Zircon matches the age of one of the mountain ranges, that it means the sandstone actually used to be part of that particular mountain range.

Is everybody with me on that? Good!

So in this case, Uranium-Lead Dating was used to establish that half of the stanstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Moutains was formed.

So because of this, this new way of doing Uranium-Lead Dating, we’ve been able to determine that one of our major assumptions about the Grand Cayon was wrong.

Like I said before, Uranium-Lead Dating has been around with us for a while, but…uh…until recently, in order to do it, you really had to study many (individual) grains.

And it took a long time before you get results.

It wasn’t just very efficient, and it wasn’t very accurate.

But technical advances had have cut down on the number of grains you have to study.

So you gets your results faster.

So I will predict that the Uranium-Lead Dating is goning become an increasingly popular dating method.

There are a few pretty exciting possibilities for Uranium-Lead Dating, here’s one that comes to mine mind.

You know the theory that erath continent was once joined together and only splited apart relatively recently?

Well, with Uranium-Lead Dating, we can prove that more conclusively.

If they show evidence that of once have been joined, that could really tell us a lot about the early history about of the planet’s geology.

TPO1 C2-Classroom observation & feedback

Vocabulary:

mythology

Notes:

words can be connected to read, for example, ...new, you just to be newuuu just...
have been 的动词been形，如果后面有today等/t/的音，就不用读出been的ed

Listen to part of a conversation between a student and his professor.

Hi Marthew, I am glad you can come here today. You’ve been observing Mr Grable’s three grade third-grade class for your approaches to education paper, right?

Uh…yes, I will go over Jonson’s the Johnson Elementary School. You know, to watch Mr.Grable teaches the children in class. It’s been amazing , I mean, I am just learning so much from just watching him. I am so glad that the class observations are a requirement for the education programme, I mean, it’s like the best thing ever to prepare you to be a good teacher.

Well, I am glad to see you feel that way Mathew. You know, that’s the goal, I have been reading over your observation notes, and I am quite interested in what’s going on in particular with the (astronomy) unit he has been teaching.

The astornomy unit?

It seems Mr.Grable has mastered the (interdisciplinary) area approach to teaching that the way we’ve been talking about in class.

Oh, Ok … oh yea, so like when he was teaching them astromony, he didn’t just teach them aim into the the names of the planets, he used it as a way to them the methology mythology,

Really, so how did he do that?

Well, some student could already name the planets, but they didn’t know that the names had any meaning, the stories behind them.

So he…

He introduced Greek Rome’s Mythology Greek and Roman mythology as a way of explaining, like you know how like Jupiter is the biggest planet, right? And how Jupiter was the name of the king of the Gods in romman mythology, right? So since Jupiter the planet is the largest planet in our solar system, It’s like the king of the planets ,like Jupiter was the king of all the gods.

Oh Mathew, that’s a great example.

Yea, and each student chose a planet and then do did researh on it to write a report and make a presentation. They went to the library to do the research, then make presentations about the planet they chose.

So in one seience unit, in which the focus was the astronomy, the students also learn about the literature of the Greek & Romman Mythology, used research skills in library, wrote a report and practised their oral presentation skills.

Exactly. He used this one topic to teach the thrird-graders all that stuff, how to use the books in the library, to write the reports, and even how to speak in public, plus they had a great time doning it.

You knew, Mathew, this is just what we were have been talking about in the our class, I am sure everyone can learn something from your experience. You know Mathew, I’d love you to talk about this astronomy unit in class on Wednesday.

Really, because I don’t really think I will have any time to write my paper by then.

Oh you won’t need to write anything new you just, yeah, for Wednesday use your class observation notes and explain the things we have discussed today.

Okay, that sounds alright.

TPO1 L3 Catalhoyuk

Vocabulary:

archeology 考古学
flakes 麦片；鳞片；白点；发裂
storey 楼层
hatchway 舱口；天窗
ladder 梯子
diagonal 对角线的，对角的；斜的，斜线的；沿斜线运动的
plaster 灰泥；熟石膏 n.；
plaster v. 用灰泥抹（墙等）；
hearth 灶台；炉边；炉床；壁炉地面
soot 煤烟，烟灰
rib 肋骨
burial 埋葬的
bury 埋葬
speculate 猜测，推测；投机
artifact 史前古器物；人工产品
marmot 土拨鼠

Notes:

in读成en，因为弱读
agriculural后面的l的读音/l/听起来会像是加了个of，
we will 变成很快的 we'll

Listen to part of a lecture in an archeology class.

Okay, we’ve been talking about early agriculture in the (Near East), So let’s concentrate on one site and see what we can learn from it.

Let’s look at Catahoyuk.

Um…I’d better write that down.

Catahoyuk, that’s about (as close as) we get, in English.

It’s Trukish really, it’s the sites in modern day Turkey and who knows what the originnal habitants inhabitants called it.

Anyway, Catalhoyuk wasn’t the first agriculture of agricultural settlement in the Near East, but it was pretty early, settled about 9000 years ago, in the Neolithic Period. And the settlement, a town really, lasted about a thousand years, and grew to a size of about 8 or 10 thousands people.

That’s really cartainly makes it one of the largest towns in the world at that time.

One of the things that makes the settlement of this size impressive is the time period. It’s the Neolithic, remember? The late stoneage. So people that lived there had only stone tools, no matels metals, so everything they accomplished, like building this town, they did with just stone, puls wood, bricks, that’s all the sort of thing. But you getta remember that it wasnt’s just any stone they had, they had obsidian, and the obsidian is black, organic volcanic, well almost like glass. It flakes very nicely into sharp points. The sharp is the sharpest tools of the entire stone age were made of obsidian, and the people of Catalhoyuk got theirs from further inland , from centual central Turkey, traded for it probably. Anyway what i wanna focus on is the way the town was built. The houses were all rectangular, one story storey made of sun dried bricks. But what’s really instering is that there are no spaces between them. No (street) in other word. And generally, no doors on the houses either. People walked around on the roots, and enter the house through a hatch way hatchway on the root, down a wooden latter ladder. You can still see the diagnal marks of the ladders in the plasture plaster on the inside wall.

Once you were in the house, there would be one main room and a couple of small rooms for storage. The main room had the hearts hearths, for heat and for cooking. it would be pretty cold during winters. And it alse looks like they made their tools near the fire. There tends to be a lot of obsidian chips and flakes in the hearth ashes. But not (), the smoke just went out the same hatchway that prople used for going in and out for themselves. So there would advanted have been an open fire inside the house. with only one hole in the root to let the somke out.

You and I would have found it a bit too smokey in there. You can see on the walls, thich they plasted plastered and decorated with paintings. They ended up with a layer of black soda soot on them. And so do people’s lungs.

The bones found in the graves show a layer of soot on the inside of the ribs.

That’s another unusual feature of Catahuyolk, the (berrial burial) sites. The graves have all been founded under the houses, right under the floors. And it maybe, this burial custom that explains why the houses were packed so tightly without streets. I mean, you might think it was for protection or something, but there has been no evidence found yet of any violent attack that would indicate that kind of danger.

It maybe they wanted to delieve live as near as possible to their ancestors’ grave and be burried buried near them themselves.

But it makes a good point, based on (excavations), we can see know the (layout) of the houses and the location of the graves, but we only guessing when we try to say why they did it that way.

That’s the way it is for with archeology.

You dealing with the physical remains that prople left behind, we have no sure access to what they thought and how they felt about things.

I mean, it’s interesting to speculate it speculate, and the physical (artificates) can give us clues.

But there’s a lot we can’t really know, so for instance, their art, they painted on the plaster walls, and usually they painted hunting things scenes with wild animals in them. Now they did hunt, and they also raise cerals cereal crops and (kept) sheep.

We don’t know why so many of the paintings are of hunting scenes.

Was it supposed to religious or magical significance? That’s kind of things we can only guess at, they () based on clues.

Hopefully, further excavation of Catalhuyolk will yield more clues.

But we’llprobably will not never know for sure.

TPO1 L4-Marmots

Vocabulary:

habitat [生态]栖息地；
hibernating 冬眠
reside <正式>居住，定居；<正式>存在于；
vegetative 植物的；植物人状态的，无所作为的；促使植物生长的；有生长力的
loner 独来独往的人，喜欢独处的人；不合群的动物
emerge 浮现，出现；显露，知悉；恢复过来
offspring （人的）后代，子女；（动物的）幼崽，崽兽；结果，产物
temperate 温带的，（气候）温和的；（行为）温和的，有节制的
bizarre 奇异的，古怪的
meadow 草地，牧场；河边低洼地

Notes:

meant 最后的t不发音，
and 读成 an’

Typo:

in contrast

Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

For today’s discussion, we will review the case study on how some animal have behaviorlly adapted to their environment.

Now you had to read about two animal species, the eastern Marmot and the olympic marmot.

Marmots are rodents.

They are large ground grows squirrels. about the size of an average house cat.

And they live in the wild if they have habits a variety of habitats. And even if though they spend the significent portion of the year habinating hibrenating, according to this case study, marnots are still considered excellent subjects for animal behavioral studies.

Why is that?

Well, when they are not hibernating, you can find them in the open areas, and they are pretty active during the day, which makes them easy to observe, right?

So, first let’s discuss the eastern Marmost.

They was where through reside throughout the eastern region of America, where there is a temperate climate, where the growing season lasts for at least 5 months of the year, which is when they do all their meeting mating , playing and eating.

Oh, I see. At first I wasn’t sure what growing season mean meant, just from reading, bur now I get it. It’s the amount of time that it takes for them to grow right? So it would be 5 months.

I am sorry, but no. It has nothing to do with that. It’s not about the time it takes for eastern marmonts to grow. It’s when the food is avaliable, that is when it’s not covered in snow, and there’s no (frost) convering the gress grass, and vegetable vegetative parts of plants a plant’s herbs and the flowers that marmonts like to eat.

So growing season refers to the avalibility of the food to eat, okay?

So now, how would you describe the eastern marmonts’ social habits.

Well, they are really territorial, and land owners loners,and just so aggresive, even with other eastern marmots, and their mating ritual is just so personal impersonal,

Now when they (emerge) aspring in the spring from hibernation, the mating process begins. For them, they come together to mate, and then they go to seperate ways. Then about 6 or to8 weeks after birth, the () lead offspring leave their mothers.

Really? Just 6 weeks? Is it possible for the offspring to make it on it’s their own so young?

Well, It’s not if they are ready for the real world, because they are. Remember, they mature quickly and (weathers weather’s ) nice, also they live in open fields with their where there is lots of avaliable edible vegetation.

So roughly 6 weeks after birth, eastern marmots are just old enough to take their chances of surviving and temp in in the temperate environment.

So, how does this related to their behavior?

Oh, I get it. Since the climate is not too bad, easetrn marmont don’t need have to rely on each other too much, and they don’t really need to stay with each together other as a family to survive either.

And the in contracts contrast, the olympic marmots, what about them?

They live together as a family and take care of their young until they are at least two years old.

They are really friendly with each other. And What I really like is that , they even have greeting ceremonies. And they are not at all aggresive and territorial like the eastern mermots. So social behaviors is so different from eastern marmonts, because of the climate where they live?

That seems so absurd bizzarre.

The olympic memots in medals is inhabit meadows high in the Olympic Mountains for where the weather conditons are much harsher.

So there is a lot of wind and snow. The growing season only lasts two to three months. So in that much shorter period of time, all the olympic mermonts, male and female, eat, work , play and treat nurture the young together.

Because of ther environment is so harsh, coorporation increases the survival rate of the olympic marmots. They keep their young at home until they are phycially able to survive on their own, this could explain why the social behavior of olympic marmonts is so unlike that of the eastern marmots.

TPO2

TPO2 L1 Behaviorism

Typo:

manifestation
throat
electrode
definitively

Notes:

been形的动词结尾的ed不读出来。
it aa的读音被连到了t上

Listen to part of a psychology lecture, the professor is talking about behaviorism.

Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism.

And like other behaviorist, he believed that psychologist should study only the beheviors they can observe and measure.

They are not interested in mental processes, while a person could discrive his thought, no one else could see the behaviorism or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report.

But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits, because he viewed them as a manistion manifestation of thinking.

One kind of habits that he studied were linringeal laryngeal Habits.

Watson thought Laryngeal Habits, you know, from larynx, in another words, related to the voice box. He thought those habits were an expression of thinking.

He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking loud to oneself, because they talk out loud even if they are not trying to communicate with someone in particuar.

As the individual matures, that overt talking to one self become covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit.

One of the bits of evidence that supports this, is when people are trying to solve a problem, they typically have increased muscular activity in the throne throat region.

That is, if you put electrudes on the throat , and measure muscle potential, muscle activety, you’ll discover that when people are thinking, like if they are diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.

So Watson made the argument that problem-solving, or thinking, can be definded as a set of behaviors, a set of responses. And in this case, the response he observed, was the throat activity, that’s what he means when he called calls it a laryngeal habit.

Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat is responding, so thinking can be measured as muscle activity.

Now the modeled there motor theory.

Professor Blake, did he happen to look at people who sign, I mean, deaf people?

Oh he did indeed, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individual who use sign language. When they are given problem of their kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands, when they are trying to solve a problem.

Muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular change going on in throat regin for speaking individuals.

So for Watson, thinking is like ideaticle identical with the activity with their of muscles.

A Related concept of thinking was developed by William James, It’s called ideomotor action.

Ideomotor action is an activety that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it.

I’ll give you one simple example. If think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location.

In particular, from where we are sitting, image that you are asked to think of our university library.

Well if you close your eyes, and think of the library, and you are sitting directly facing me, then accoring to this notion, you eyeball will move slightly to the left, to your left, ‘cause library is in that gernarl general direction.

James and others said, this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that’s why it’s called ideomotor action. An idea leads to motor activity.

If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick, ask people to do something, such as just described, think of something on their left, think of something on their right.

You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully, and if you do that, you’ll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement, that is you can see the movement of eyeballs,

Now then you say, think of either one and i will tell you which you are thinking of.

Ok well, Watson makes this assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking,

but give anything we want to talk about will has to ask,

But given everything we’ve been talking about here, one has to ask:

Are thry all there alternatives, to this motor theory, to this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking?

Is there anything else might may count for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answeri is clearly yes. Is there one any way to answer this question definetively, nah… I think the answer is no.

TPO2 L2-Manila Hemp

Vucabulary:

botany 植物学

Listen to part of a lecture from a Botony class.

Hi everyone, good to see you all today.

Actually, i expexted the population to be a lot lower today. IT typacilly runs between 50 and 60 percent that on the day that the research paper is due.

…

TPO2 L3 - Aristotle

Typo:

philosopher

Listen to part of a lecture in a pholosophy class.

OK, another ancient pholosopher philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle. Aristotle’s (ethical) theory.

What Aristotle’s ethical theory is all about is this. He’s trying to show you how to be happy, what true happiness is.

Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not because something just all the people want or aim for. It’s more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction.

Let me introduce a couple of technicual terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value.

…

TPO2 C2-Poetry club activity

Notes:

what are you中的what are的are变成/e/跟在what后面，听上去像是what尾音拖长
move it up sounds like movi tup

Vocabulary:

seminar 研讨会
thesis 论文

Listen to a conversation between two students. They are both studying to be English teachers.

Did you register already for your classes next semester?

Yes I did.

what are you taking?

Contemporary literature, English style, the teaching (seminar), and I still have to do my student teaching, I am gonna help the teacher teach a writing class of the junior high.

That’s a heavy scadual.

Yeah, It’ll be really busy, and the most of it will take I’m also taking a theory class. But i have to quit my job for couple of weeks, because it’ll be just too much.

Where do you work at?

Buster’s coffee shop. But just till the end of the month. What you doing next semester?

Actually a teaching seminar too. And I have to start writing my (thesis), you know I am also going for my master’s degree.

So you are not writing any poetry , I imagine?

NO, I have was actually been thinking about revising some of my poems, and sending them into places for publification.

Cool, you should. Um… Did you hear about that new poetry club? The Poetry Kitchen.

Yeah, no time.

It’s fun, It’s Sunday night, you don’t do anything at Sunday nights?

I do, I do homework Sunday nights.

Well it’s only from 7 to 9.

Is it every Sunday?

Last Sunday of every month. I don’t know about this month cause it’s probably a little too close to thanks giving. So they might moved move it up. I don’t know what they aregonna do, but it’s a good time, it’s fun. So Some really impressive in readings.

Who? From our class?

Some people from our class are reading, for a lot of them go, some times even the professor.

Really? I don’t know if I would want to read reading in front of her.

You won’t have to read, you can just watch. I just watched the first time, but it’s a good environment to read them, I think anyway.

I probably have to write something new, so maybe during the summer, I just can’t now.

Yeah it wouldn’t be the same just reading all the old stuff. are you gonna do summer’s goal summer school?

Definitely, otherwise I’ll be short of six credits that I have no choice.

Yeah me too. THis is the second summer I will have to take classes. Gotta go now, my ShakeSpear class stars at 20 minutes.

TPO3 L1

Notes:

habitat 的最后一个t不发音
it isn’t == itisn’s
affacted最后的/d/ 不发言， => 大部分的过去式的结尾都不发音
that has been => that's been

Typo:

humming
pollinate
agriculture

Vocabulary:

back and forth 反复地，来回地
it goes without saying 不言而喻；不消说
worn => wear 过去

Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.

Now we have been talking aboult the lose of animal habit habitat from housing developments, growing cities, small habitial habitat loses.

But today I wanna begin talking about what happens when habitat is reduced across a large area.

THere are animal species that require large habitat area, and some may (grade) migrate over very long distances.

So what’s the impact of habitat loss on those animals, animals that need large habitat.

Well, using I’ll use the huming humming birds as an example.

Now, you know humming bird is amazingly small, but even though it is very tiny, it migrates over very long distances. travels up and down the western (hemisphere), the americas, back in force and forth between where it breeds in the summer and the warmer climates where it spends the winter.

So we wouldl say that the this whole area of over which it migrates is it’s habitat, because on this long distance journey it needs to calm come down and sleep every so often, right?

Well the humming bird beats its wings, get this, about 3000 times per minute.

So you think, it must need a lot of energy, a lot of food, right?

Well it does, it drinks a lot nectar from flowers and feeds on some insects, but its energy is suffieient energy efficient too.

You can’t say at dizzen it isn’t, I mean, as it flies all the way across the (Gulf) of Mexico it uses up almost none of its body fat.

But that doesn’t mean that it doesn’t need to eat.

So humming birds have to rely on plants in its narural habitat.

It goes without saying, but the opposite is true as well. Plants depent on the humming birds too.

There are some flowers that can only be pollnated pollinated by the humming bird.

Without its stopping to feed and spreading the pollen from flower to flower, these plants would cease to exist.

As natural habitat along these migiration routes is developed by humans for housing, or algriculture, or cleared for raising cattle for instance, there is less food available for migrating humming birds.

Their nesting sites will affect are affected too, the same by the same sort of human activities.

And all of these activities pose a real threat to the humming bird population.

So to help them survive, we need to protect their habitats.

And one of the concrete way people have been doing this is cleaning up polluted habitats areas, and then replanting flowers, replanting native flowers that humming birds feed on.

Promoting ecological tourism is another way to help saving their habitat.

As the number visitors eco-tourist who come to humming bird habitat to watch the birds , the more the number of visitors grows, the more the local bussiness profis

So ecological tourism can being financial rewards, of them were all the more reason to help value these beautiful little creatures and in their habitat right?

But to understand more how to help and support the humming bird the best we can, we gotta learn more about their breeding, nesting sites, and migration routes, also about the natural habitats we find there.

THat should help us determine how to prevent the further decline in the population.

A good research method a good way to learn more is by running a banding study.

Banding the birds allows us to tract them over their lifetime, It’s a practice that has been used by reserchers for years.

In fect most of what we’ve known about humming bird comes from banding studies, where we capture a humming bired, makesure all the imformation about it, like it’s weight, age, links and length, are all recorded, put into an international information database.

THen we place an extremely light-weight band around on one of its legs, well what looks like a leg althogh techniquelly technically considered as part of the bird’s foot.

Anyway these bands are perfectly safe, and some humming birds have wounded worn them for years with no evidence of any problems.

The band is labeled with a tracking number. Oh there is a phone number on the band for prople to call, for free, to report a banded bird they’ve found refound or recapture

So when a banded bird is recaptured and reported, we learn about it’s migration route, it’s growth and how long it’s benn for life alive, life span.

One recaptured bird has had been banded almost 12 years earlier, she is one of the oldest humming birds on record.

Another interesting thing we’ve benn learned is, that some hommingbirds, they no longer use a certain route.

They travel by a different route to reach their destination.

And findings like these have been of interesting to biologists and environmental scientists in a number of countries, who are trying to understand the complexities in the of how changes of in the habitat affect the species in it, species like the humming birds.

TPO3

TPO3 L2

Typo:

hybrid
began
portray
incorporating

Vocabulary:

conform 遵守，符合；顺从，随潮流；一致，相吻合
norm 社会准则，行为规范；标准，平均水平；常态，平常事物；
neatly 整齐地；简单而聪明地
mollusk [无脊椎] 软体动物
innovator
catch on 理解，明白；变得流行
buff （用软布）擦亮；给（皮革）上光；缓冲

Notes:

look as if => lookasif
and he => andi he的h不发音

Listen to part of a lecture in a film history class.

OK we haven been discuessing films in the 1920s and 1930s and how back then film catagories as we know them today had not yet been established.

We said that by today’s standards, many of the films of 20s and 30s would be considerted hybride hybrids, that is a mixture of styles that wouldn’t exactly fit into any of today’s catagories.

And in that context, today we are going to talk about a film maker who begined bagan making very unique films in the late 1920s.

He was Franch, and his name was John Panlevei

Jean Painleve was born in 1902, He made his first film in 1928.

now in a way, Painleve’s film comformed to norms of 20s and 30s. that is thry dont fit very needly neatly into the catagories we use to classify films today.

that’s sad said even by the standards of the 20s and 30s, Painleve’s films were a unique hybrid of styles.

He had a special way of fusing, or some people might say confusing, science and fiction.

his films begin with facts, then they become more and more fictional, They gradually add more and more fictional elements.

In fect Painleve was known for ssaying that scinece is fictrion.

painleve was a pioneer in the under water film making, and a lot of his short films focused on the aquatic animal world.

He liked to show small under water creatures, displaying what seemd like familiar to human characteristics what we think of as unique to humans.

He might take a clip of the morlis mollusk going up and down in the water and set it to music.

You know , to make it looks as if the mollusk were dancing to the music, like a human being. That’s the sort of thing.

But then he suddenly changed the image showing that ration or narrition to remind us how different the animals are, how unlike humans.

he confused his audience in the way he portrited portrayed the animals he filmed , mixing up our notions of the catagories, human and animal.

The films make us uncomfortable at times because we are uncertain about what we are seeing.

it gives his films an uncanny feature, the familiar made unfamiliar, the normal made suspicious.

He liked twists, he liked the unusual.

In fect One of his favourite sea animals was the sea horses, because with the sea horses, it’s the male that carries the eggs, and he thought that was great.

He first and most celebrated underwater film was is about the sea-horses.

Susan you have a question?

But underwater film making wasn’t that unusual, was it? I mean, were weren’t there other people making movies under water ?

Well Actually it was pretty rare at that time, I mean we are talking in the early 1930s here.

But What about Jacques Cousteau, wasn’t he like an evelator innovator, you know with underwater photography too?

Ah Jacques Cousteau.

Well Cousteau and painleve did both film underwater, and they were both innovators, so you are right, in that sense.

But that’s pretty much where the similiarity is at ies end.

First of all, Painleve was about 20 years ahead of Cousteau.

And Cousteau’s adventurers were high tech with lots of fancy equipment where is whereas Painleve kind of patched the equioment together as he needed it.

Cousteau ususlly film large animals, usually in the open sea, wheras Painleve generally filmed smaller animals and he liked to film in shallow water.

What else, the main difference was that Cousteau simply investgated and presented the facts - he didn’t make it mix in fiction.

He was a script strict documentorist , he set the standard really for the natural nature documentory

Painleve on the other hand is like as we said before, mixed the elements of fiction. And his films are much more artistic, incoorporating music as an important element.

John, you have a question?

Well, maybe I shouldn’t be asking this , if Painlevet’s films are so special, so good, why haven’t we ever heard of them.

I mean, everyone’s hears heard of Jacques Cousteau.

Well that’s a fair question. The short answer is that Painleve’s style was just never cut on caught on with the general public

I mean It probably goes back at least in part to what we have mentioned earlier. that people don’t know what to make of these films, they were confused by them. Wheras Cousteau’s documentory is very straight forward. It met pople’s expectation more than painleve’s did.

But you are true, film history buffs no about them.

And Painleve’s still highly respected in many circles.

TPO3 L3

Vocabulary:

pipe up〔俚语〕开始说[唱]
charcoal 木炭
speculate 猜测，推测；投机
vitality 活力，热情；生机，生命力
sheer （用于强调）纯粹的，完全的

Notes:

twice as old as...读成twice asold (停顿) as ...
a interest in 听起来像 a interesting

Typo:

penetrate

Listen to part of lecture in an art history class. The professo has been discussing the origin of art.

Some of the world’s oldest preserved art is the cave art of Europe, most of it in Spain and Fance.

And the earlieriest cave paintings is found in today’s found to date are those of the Showvey Chauvet Cave in France, discovered in 1994,

And you know I remember when I heard of the results of the dating of the Chauvet paintings, I said to my wife, can you believe these paintings are over 30,000 years old, and my three year old daughter piped up and said, is that older than my great grandmother?

That was the oldest age she knew.

And you know, come to think of it, it’s pretty hard for me to really understand how long 30,000 years is too.

I mean We tend to think the people who lived that time must heve been pretty primitive, but I am gonna show you some slides in a few minutes, and I think you will agree with me that these arts are anything but primitive, they are masterpieces.

And they look so real, so alive that it’s very hard to image that they are so very old.

Now not everyone agrees on exactly how old.

A number of the Chauvet paintings have been dated by a lab to 30,000 or more years age.

That would made tham not just older than any other cave art, but about twice years as old as the art in the caves at Altamira or Lascaux, which you may heard of .

Someone finded it hard to believe Chauvet is so much older than Altamira and Lascaux, and they noted that only one lab did the dating for Chauvet without any independent confirmation from any other lab.

But be that as a it may, whatever the exact date whether it’s 15000 20000 or 30000 years ago. The Chauvet paintings are from the dum p dawn of art, so they are a good place to start discussion of cave painting.

Now one thing you ‘ve got to remember is the context of these paintings.

Paleolithic Humans, that’s the period we are talking about, here the Paleolithic, the early stoneage, not too long after human’s first arriveed in Europe,

The climate was significantly colder then and so rock shalters and shallow caves were valued as homes protected from the wind and rain.

And in some cases at least, artists drew on the wall of their homes.

But many of the truely Greek great caves art site like Chauvet were never inhabitated

These paintings were made deep inside a dark cave, where no natural light can panertrate.

There is no evidence that of people ever living here. Cave there’s bears yes. But not humans.

You would have to a special trip into the cave to making the paintings, and a special trip to go seeing it, and each time you’d have had to bring along torches to light up your way.

And people did go see the art. There’s chalk charcoal marks from their torches on the cave walls, clearly dating from thousands of years after than the painting was made. So we can tell people went there.

They came but they didn’t stay.

Deep inside a cave like that is not really a place you should want to stay, so why?

What inspireed the Paleolithic artists to make such beautifual art in such inaccessiable places.

We will never really know , of course , though it is interesting to speculate.

BUt getting into the paintings themselves.

Virtually all Paleolithic cave art represents animals, and Chauvet is no exception.

The artists were highly skilled at using or even enhancing the natural shape of the cave walls to give depth and perspectives to their drawing.

The sence of motion and vitality in these animals, wait til I show you this slid.

Anyway most Paleothic cave art depicts large herbivors

Horses are most common over all with deer and bison pretty common too , probably animals they hunted.

But earlier at Chauvet there’s a significan interesting interestin large dangerous animals.

Lots rinoceros lions mammths bears. Remeber that the ranges of many animal species were diierent packet back then so all these animals were actually lived in the region at that time. But the Chauvet artists didn’t paint people.

There is a half-man-half-bion creature, and there;s outlines of human hands, but no depiction of a full human.

So why these precise animals, why not birds fish snakes

Was it for their religion magic or shill sheer bueauty

We don’t know. But whatever it was, it was worthy to them to spend hours deep inside cave with just a torch between them and other darkness.

So on that note, let’s give them dim the lights, so we can see these lights slides and actually look at the techniques they used.

TPO3 L2

Typo:

hybrid
began
portray
incorporating

Vocabulary:

conform 遵守，符合；顺从，随潮流；一致，相吻合
norm 社会准则，行为规范；标准，平均水平；常态，平常事物；
neatly 整齐地；简单而聪明地
mollusk [无脊椎] 软体动物
innovator
catch on 理解，明白；变得流行
buff （用软布）擦亮；给（皮革）上光；缓冲

Notes:

look as if => lookasif
and he => andi he的h不发音